Monday, April 21, 2014

第六周主题:数字 之 GrayCode in LeetCode (in java)

题目:
要求:
The gray code is a binary numeral system where two successive values differ in only one bit.
Given a non-negative integer n representing the total number of bits in the code, print the sequence of gray code. A gray code sequence must begin with 0.
For example, given n = 2, return [0,1,3,2]. Its gray code sequence is:
00 - 0
01 - 1
11 - 3
10 - 2
Note: For a given n, a gray code sequence is not uniquely defined.
For example, [0,2,3,1] is also a valid gray code sequence according to the above definition.
For now, the judge is able to judge based on one instance of gray code sequence. Sorry about that.
解答:
画画就出来了。为了好分析,我们看n=4的情况,那么一共有2^4=16种codes
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 1 1
0 0 1 0
0 1 1 0
0 1 1 1
0 1 0 1
0 1 0 0
1 1 0 0
1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
1 0 1 1
1 0 0 1
1 0 0 0
规律:
(1)第一列对半分成up 和down 部分, up都是0,down都是1;
(2)从二列开始,在前一列子列的基础上,再对半细分成up和down部分,如果在第一列的down部分,则需要把01序列倒过来。

References:

Tuesday, March 25, 2014

第四周主题:Decrease and Conquer (减治法) 之 Best Time to Buy and Sell Stock III in LeetCode (in java)


要求:
/**
* Say you have an array for which the ith element is the price of a given
* stock on day i.

* Design an algorithm to find the maximum profit. You may complete at most
* two transactions.

* Note: You may not engage in multiple transactions at the same time (ie,
* you must sell the stock before you buy again).
*/
(找出对某只股票能获得的最大收益,最多只能买卖两次,买了之后才能卖,卖了第一次之后才能买第二次)
解答:
分两步,分别找出在[0,i]和[i,n-1]之间的最大收益,[0,i]正序查找, [i,n-1]逆序查找,这样对于某个特定点i来说,[0,i]和[i,n-1]区间不会重合。
(0)
int[] maxProfits = new int[prices.length]; // save the max profits maxProfits[0] = 0;
int minPrice = prices[0]; int maxProfit = 0; int profit = 0; for (int i = 1; i < prices.length; i++) { profit = prices[i] - minPrice; if (profit > maxProfit){ //比较最大收益 maxProfit = profit; } maxProfits[i] = maxProfit; if (prices[i] < minPrice){ //比较价格最小值 minPrice = prices[i]; } }
(2)
int both = maxProfits[prices.length-1]; int maxPrice = prices[prices.length-1]; maxProfit = 0; int temp = 0; //临时存放当前两次交易的最大收益 for (int i = prices.length-2; i>=0; i--) { profit = maxPrice - prices[i]; if (profit > maxProfit){ //比较最大收益 maxProfit = profit; } temp = maxProfit + maxProfits[i]; if (temp > both){ both = temp; } if (prices[i] > maxPrice){ //比较价格最大值 maxPrice = prices[i]; } }
最后return both

References:

Thursday, March 13, 2014

第三周主题:树 之 Linked List Cycle in LeetCode (in java)


要求:
Two elements of a binary search tree (BST) are swapped by mistake.
Recover the tree without changing its structure.
Note: A solution using O(n) space is pretty straight forward. Could you devise a constant space solution?
/**
 * Definition for binary tree
 * public class TreeNode {
 *     int val;
 *     TreeNode left;
 *     TreeNode right;
 *     TreeNode(int x) { val = x; }
 * }
 */
(一个二叉树的两个元素被错误的交换了,在不改变结构的前提下修复这个二叉树)
解答:
O(1)挺难的,想了很久。
这个解法的关键点是中序遍历inorder travel如何才能不使用栈。查了很久,才明白这个要用十多年前数据结构课上,杀手曾经教过的线索二叉树Threaded Binary Tree
关键点中的关键是:给每一个现在访问的节点current临时再找一个parent节点,该parent节点是其中序遍历时紧邻前面的一个节点,parent.right=current,有这样的临时parent,中序遍历时就不需要栈了。
那么这个parent节点在哪呢?应该是current节点为root的左子树最右边的那个节点。
怎么找这个parent节点呢?
我们这么来:
(1)如果左边走不动了(current.left==null)就往右边走
parent=current; current=current.right;
(2)当往左边可以走时,先找一个临时的pre=current.left;
让后让这个pre一直找.right,pre.right=null为止,这时pre就是current节点为root的左子树最右边的那个节点,就可以设while (pre.right!=null){
     pre = pre.right;
    }
(3) 但这里有个问题,你设了pre.right=current; 不就破坏了树的结构了吗?而且pre也没有被current走到过啊(current=pre的时候才算走到)。于是需要在这里做一个判断:
(3-1) if (pre.right == null){ pre.right = current; current = current.left;} 设定好临时parent,并且继续往左走;
(3-2) if (pre.right == current) {pre.right=null; parent = current; current=current.right;} pre.right == current说明该current左边的路已经走过了,该走右边了。过河拆桥,pre.right=null;
(4) (2)里面循环条件改为while (pre.right!=null && pre.right != current){
     pre = pre.right;
     }
这样我们就有了不需要栈遍历树的算法。
接下来就是找到两个错误点了,在每次往右走之前做个判断看看parent.val是否大于current.val,如果大于的话就是错误点。
但如果找到第二个点的话,怎么知道这是第二个,不是第一个呢?引入一个变量found=false,找到第一个之后,就设为true。
注意,node1=parent,node2=current。因为node1肯定是两者里的大数,node2肯定是两者里的小数。
if (parent!=null && parent.val > current.val){
         if (!found){
         node1 = parent;
         found = true;
         }
         node2 = current;
}
遍历完树之后,swap node1和node2就行了。
这样就圆满了,oh yeah!

References:
[1] 代码在
https://github.com/RockyNiu/LeetCode/blob/master/src/leetcode/java/RecoverBinarySearchTree.java